(一)格栅机

（1） Grille machine

格栅除污机是污水处理工艺的排名靠前道工序，也是污水处理厂内出现故障的设备之一。一旦出现故障，污水处理厂将不能够正常进水。

The grid cleaning machine is one of the top processes in sewage treatment technology and also one of the equipment that malfunctions in sewage treatment plants. Once a malfunction occurs, the sewage treatment plant will not be able to feed water normally.

常见问题：

Frequently asked questions:

(1)格栅机卡阻：不管连续运行还是间歇运行，因为格栅机长时间与污水接触，容易造成轴承磨损，运行出现卡阻现象，造成链条或耙齿拉偏或其他机械故障。为此，需要加强格栅机相关机械部件的润滑保养，以及日常巡检要及时到位。

(1) Grille machine jamming: Whether running continuously or intermittently, prolonged contact with sewage can easily cause bearing wear and jamming during operation, resulting in chain or rake tooth deviation or other mechanical failures. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the lubrication and maintenance of the mechanical components related to the grille machine, as well as timely and effective daily inspections.

(2)格栅机堵塞：污水中常夹带一些长条状的纤维、塑料袋等易缠绕的杂物，容易造成栅条和耙齿等堵塞。这一方面会使过栅断面减少，造成过栅流速过大，拦污效率下降。另一方面也会造成栅渠过水速率缓慢、沙砾沉积、栅渠溢流等问题。一般只能进行技术改造完善或勤维护，采用人工清理的方式。

(2) Grille machine blockage: Sewage often contains long fibers, plastic bags, and other easily entangled debris, which can easily cause blockage of grating bars and rake teeth. On the one hand, this will reduce the cross section of the grid, causing excessive flow velocity and a decrease in the efficiency of pollutant interception. On the other hand, it can also cause problems such as slow water flow rate, sand and gravel deposition, and overflow in the gate channel. Generally, only technical improvements or frequent maintenance can be carried out, and manual cleaning can be used to solve the problem.

(二)提升水泵

（2） Lift water pump

污水处理设备，大多采用潜水泵提升污水。从实际运行中发现，潜水泵在使用过程中，由于污水中各种杂质与浮渣较多，这些杂质容易缠绕在水泵的叶轮和密封环的间隙里，引起机械密封效果和水泵效率降低，使污水进入到密封腔而产生故障，严重时将导致水泵电机过流损坏。针对该问题主要是加强格栅机的格渣效果，定期检查潜水泵的绝缘和密封、核算提升泵效率，定期轮换使用等。

Most sewage treatment equipment uses submersible pumps to lift sewage. From actual operation, it has been found that during the use of submersible pumps, due to the presence of various impurities and scum in the sewage, these impurities are easily entangled in the gap between the impeller and sealing ring of the pump, causing a decrease in mechanical sealing effect and pump efficiency. This can cause sewage to enter the sealing chamber and cause malfunctions, and in severe cases, it can lead to overcurrent damage to the pump motor. The main measures to address this issue are to strengthen the slag blocking effect of the grille machine, regularly inspect the insulation and sealing of the submersible pump, calculate and improve pump efficiency, and regularly rotate and use it.

因污水处理设备进水量24小时均有变化，以及配套污水收集系统完善程度的不同，使得不同时期污水处理厂进水量可能有较大变化，特别是合流制的排水系统，进水季节性变化的特征非常明显。因此，在潜水泵的选用和配置上，应留有较大的调节空间。通常可采样多台水泵抽排水量呈梯度配置，结合定速泵配合调速泵控制方式，其中定速泵按平均流量选择，满足基本流量需求。调速泵变速运转以适应流量的变化，流量波动较大时以增减运转台数作补充。

Due to changes in the inflow of sewage treatment equipment 24 hours a day, as well as differences in the completeness of supporting sewage collection systems, there may be significant changes in the inflow of sewage treatment plants at different times, especially in the combined drainage system, where the seasonal variation of inflow is very evident. Therefore, there should be ample room for adjustment in the selection and configuration of submersible pumps. Usually, it is possible to sample multiple water pumps with a gradient configuration of drainage volume, combined with a constant speed pump and a speed regulating pump control method. The constant speed pump is selected based on the average flow rate to meet the basic flow requirements. The speed control pump operates at a variable speed to adapt to changes in flow rate. When there are significant fluctuations in flow rate, the number of operating tables can be increased or decreased as a supplement.

(三)鼓风机

（3） Blower

污水处理设备的鼓风机是污水处理工艺的关键设备，耗能大。风量、风压、电耗、噪音等是选用鼓风机的基本技术参数，使用中需结合工艺运行的特点，注意其适用的范围和调力。

The blower of sewage treatment equipment is a key equipment in the sewage treatment process, which consumes a lot of energy. Air volume, air pressure, power consumption, noise, etc. are the basic technical parameters for selecting a blower. During use, it is necessary to combine the characteristics of the process operation, pay attention to its applicable range and adjustment ability.

污水处理设备的生物反应池微孔曝气系统一般采用离心式鼓风机。离心风机具率高、使用年限长、壳体内不需要润滑、气体不会被油污染等优点，特别是在供风量、风压的适用范围、噪音控制以及运行的稳定等方面均较罗茨风机优。罗茨风机一般适用于池深较浅，需要的风量和风压较小的情况。

The micro porous aeration system in the biological reaction tank of sewage treatment equipment generally uses a centrifugal blower. The centrifugal fan has advantages such as high efficiency, long service life, no need for lubrication inside the casing, and no gas contamination by oil, especially in terms of supply air volume, applicable range of air pressure, noise control, and stable operation compared to Roots fans. Roots fans are generally suitable for situations where the pool depth is shallow and the required air volume and pressure are small.

在能耗控制上，可采用变频调节控制，设备配置方面，也可多台鼓风机风量呈梯度配置，针对不同的工况，以增强工艺运行调节的灵活性，同时减少电耗。

In terms of energy consumption control, variable frequency regulation control can be adopted. In terms of equipment configuration, multiple blowers can also be configured with a gradient airflow to enhance the flexibility of process operation regulation and reduce power consumption for different working conditions.

油冷却器、油过滤器要定期清理，保证油质，需定期更换和送检，防止出现乳化现象。油冷却器有风冷和水冷两种方式：采用风冷注意定期清洁风冷却器的散热片，防止堵塞和积集尘垢;采用水冷需定期清理和维护冷却塔以及相应管路，注意保证循环冷却水的水质，可定期加入缓蚀阻垢药剂，防止细菌滋生、冷却器、管路结垢以及铜构件发生原电池反应腐蚀，影响冷却效果甚污染油质。

The oil cooler and oil filter should be cleaned regularly to ensure oil quality. Regular replacement and inspection are required to prevent emulsification. There are two types of oil coolers: air cooling and water cooling. When using air cooling, pay attention to regularly cleaning the cooling fins of the air cooler to prevent blockage and accumulation of dust and scale; When using water cooling, it is necessary to regularly clean and maintain the cooling tower and corresponding pipelines. Attention should be paid to ensuring the water quality of the circulating cooling water. Corrosion and scale inhibitors can be added regularly to prevent bacterial growth, scaling of the cooler and pipelines, and corrosion of copper components due to primary battery reactions, which can affect the cooling effect and even pollute the oil quality.

过滤器要定期清洁或更换，保证负压在规定范围以内，减少因负压过高导致的鼓风机喘震故障的发生。

The filter should be cleaned or replaced regularly to ensure that the negative pressure is within the specified range and reduce the occurrence of blower surge faults caused by excessive negative pressure.

(四)曝气头

（4） Aeration head

目前大部分的曝气方式采用的是微孔膜曝气，有盘式、球冠式、板式、管式等橡胶膜微孔曝气器类型。曝气器使用一段时间后，因微孔堵塞，阻力增大和橡胶老化、弹性变差等，导致充氧效率均会下降。为避免曝气器的堵塞或阻力增加过大，应定期进行曝气器的清洗。

At present, most of the aeration methods use microporous membrane aeration, including disc, ball crown, plate, tube and other types of rubber membrane microporous aerators. After using the aerator for a period of time, the aeration efficiency will decrease due to clogging of micropores, increased resistance, aging of rubber, and decreased elasticity. To avoid blockages or increased resistance in the aerator, regular cleaning of the aerator should be carried out.

可采用甲酸清洗或大气量高压空气清洗。采用甲酸清洗要小心控制甲酸的浓度、清洗的频次、注意操作;采用大气量空气清洗要小心控制气量大小、强度和清洗的频次。另外，注意要定期打开曝气系统的排水阀门，排出冷凝水。对严重堵塞或破损的曝气头要及时更换，保证生物池曝气的均匀性，防止出现死角，堆积污泥。

It can be cleaned with formic acid or high-pressure air with high volume. When using formic acid for cleaning, it is important to carefully control the concentration of formic acid, the frequency of cleaning, and pay attention to the operation; When using atmospheric air cleaning, it is important to carefully control the volume, intensity, and frequency of cleaning. In addition, it is important to regularly open the drainage valve of the aeration system to discharge condensate water. Serious clogged or damaged aeration heads should be replaced in a timely manner to ensure the uniformity of aeration in the biological tank and prevent dead corners and sludge accumulation.

(五)排泥设备

（5） Mud discharge equipment

因为工艺的差别，有部分污水处理工艺不带二沉池，如SBR、UNITANK等，而且其池底是平的，容易在排泥时形成泥层漏斗。后期排出的混合液浓度降低，未能排出足量的污泥，导致剩余污泥浓度的下降，带来污泥处理能耗、药耗的上升。

Due to differences in processes, some sewage treatment processes do not include secondary sedimentation tanks, such as SBR, UNITANK, etc., and their bottom is flat, making it easy to form a mud layer funnel during sludge discharge. The concentration of the mixed liquid discharged in the later stage decreases, and insufficient sludge is not discharged, resulting in a decrease in the remaining sludge concentration, leading to an increase in energy consumption and drug consumption in sludge treatment.

对于污水处理设备工艺的运行，宜采用间歇排泥方式或改造成多点排泥的系统。

For the operation of sewage treatment equipment processes, it is advisable to adopt intermittent sludge discharge or transform it into a multi-point sludge discharge system.

此外，在有二沉池的生物处理系统，需要对二沉池刮吸泥机进行定期维护，保证排泥顺畅，防止积泥而影响出水SS等指标。

In addition, in biological treatment systems with secondary sedimentation tanks, it is necessary to regularly maintain the scraper suction machine of the secondary sedimentation tank to ensure smooth mud discharge and prevent mud accumulation from affecting the effluent SS and other indicators.

(六)脱水机

（6） Dehydration machine

目前采用的机械脱水方式主要有离心脱水机和带式压滤脱水机。

The main mechanical dehydration methods currently used are centrifugal dewatering machines and belt filter dewatering machines.

1、离心脱水机

1. Centrifugal dewatering machine

运行中应研究进离心脱水机的浓缩污泥含固率的要求范围，进料量(装机容量)，大产量，离心机差速、转速，不同类型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)加注率、投加浓度对离心机脱水后的污泥含固率、分离水SS值和回收率的影响。

During operation, it is necessary to study the required range of solid content of concentrated sludge entering the centrifugal dewatering machine, feed amount (installed capacity), large output, centrifuge differential speed and speed, different types of polyacrylamide (PAM) addition rates and concentrations, and their effects on the solid content of sludge after centrifugal dewatering, SS value of separated water, and recovery rate.

若要离心脱水机的污泥脱水处理达到理想的分离效果，可以从两方面来考虑：

If the sludge dewatering treatment of the centrifugal dewatering machine wants to achieve the ideal separation effect, two aspects can be considered:

转速差越大，污泥在离心机内停留时间越短，泥饼含水率就越高，分离水含固率就可能越大。反之，转速差越小，污泥在离心机内停留时间越长，固液分离越彻底,但必须防止污泥堵塞。利用转速差可以自动地进行调节，以补偿进料中变化的固体含量。

The larger the speed difference, the shorter the sludge stays in the centrifuge, the higher the moisture content of the sludge cake, and the higher the solid content of the separated water may be. On the contrary, the smaller the speed difference, the longer the sludge stays in the centrifuge, and the more thorough the solid-liquid separation, but it is necessary to prevent sludge blockage. The speed difference can be automatically adjusted to compensate for changes in solid content in the feed.