危废库（Hazardous Waste Storage Facility）是指专门用于存放、处理和管理危险废物的设施。危险废物是指具有爆炸、易燃、剧毒、腐蚀、致癌、致突变等特性，对人体和环境具有潜在危害的废物。为了确保危险废物的处理和集中管理，危废库的设计必须符合相关的标准和规范。本文将主要介绍危废库设计的标准和要求。

　　A hazardous waste storage facility refers to a facility specifically designed for storing, processing, and managing hazardous waste. Hazardous waste refers to waste that has explosive, flammable, highly toxic, corrosive, carcinogenic, mutagenic and other characteristics, and has potential hazards to human health and the environment. In order to ensure the safe handling and centralized management of hazardous waste, the design of hazardous waste storage facilities must comply with relevant standards and regulations. This article will mainly introduce the standards and requirements for the design of hazardous waste storage facilities.

　　一、危废库的基本原则

　　1、 Basic principles of hazardous waste storage

　　1. 性原则：危废库的设计必须满足性要求，确保危险废物在存储和处理过程中不会对人员和环境造成危害。

　　1. Safety principle: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities must meet safety requirements to ensure that hazardous waste does not pose a threat to personnel and the environment during storage and disposal.

　　2. 排放控制原则：危废库的设计应考虑废气、废水和固体废物的排放控制，避免对环境造成污染。

　　2. Emission control principle: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should consider the emission control of exhaust gas, wastewater, and solid waste to avoid environmental pollution.

　　3. 资源利用原则：危废库的设计应考虑对危险废物的回收和再利用，

　　3. Resource utilization principle: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should consider the recycling and reuse of hazardous waste,

　　限度地减少废物对环境的负荷。

　　Minimize the environmental impact of waste to the greatest extent possible.

　　4. 经济合理原则：危废库的设计应在满足和要求的前提下，尽量降低成本，提高资源利用效率。

　　4. Principle of economic rationality: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should minimize costs and improve resource utilization efficiency while meeting safety and environmental requirements.

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　　二、危废库的设计要求

　　2、 Design requirements for hazardous waste storage facilities

　　1. 地理位置选择：危废库的选址应远离居民区、水源保护区等敏感区域，应考虑交通便利、通风良好和废物运输的便捷性，暂存点应具有固定的区域边界，并应采取与其他区域进行隔离的措施。

　　1. Geographical location selection: The location of hazardous waste storage facilities should be far away from sensitive areas such as residential areas and water source protection areas. Convenient transportation, good ventilation, and waste transportation should be considered. The temporary storage points should have fixed regional boundaries and measures should be taken to isolate them from other areas.

　　2. 建筑布局和结构：危废库的建筑布局应合理，各功能区域应划分明确，建筑结构应满足强度和稳定性的要求，暂存点应采取防风、防雨、防晒和防止危险废物流失、扬散等措施。

　　2. Building layout and structure: The building layout of hazardous waste storage facilities should be reasonable, with clear division of functional areas. The building structure should meet the requirements of strength and stability, and temporary storage points should take measures to prevent wind, rain, sun, and hazardous waste loss and dispersion.

　　3.配置设计要求：

　　3. Configuration design requirements:

　　① 要独立、密闭，上锁防盗，暂存间内要有照明设施和观察窗口，危废暂存间管理责任制要上墙；

　　① It should be independent, sealed, locked and anti-theft. There should be safety lighting facilities and observation windows in the temporary storage room. The management responsibility system for hazardous waste temporary storage should be posted on the wall;

　　② 暂存间地面要防渗，顶部防水、防晒，对于易燃易爆物品，还应做防火防爆设计；

　　② The floor of the temporary storage room should be impermeable, and the top should be waterproof and sun proof. For flammable and explosive materials, fire and explosion prevention design should also be carried out;

　　③ 存放危废为液体的暂存间内必须有泄漏液体收集装置（例如托盘、导流沟、收集池），存放危废为具有挥发性气体的暂存间内必须有导出口及气体净化装置；

　　③ There must be a leakage liquid collection device (such as tray, diversion ditch, collection pool) in the temporary storage room where hazardous waste is stored as liquid, and an outlet and gas purification device in the temporary storage room where hazardous waste is stored as volatile gas;

　　④ 暂存间门外要张贴包含所有危废的贮存分区标志、危废识别标志、危废制度牌以及新版危废设施标志，暂存间内墙上张贴对应投放危废的标识牌和制度牌，无法装入常用容器的危险废物可用防漏胶袋等盛装，包装桶、袋上有标签；

　　④ Storage zone signs, hazardous waste identification signs, hazardous waste system signs, and new hazardous waste facility signs containing all hazardous waste should be posted outside the temporary storage room. Corresponding hazardous waste disposal signs and system signs should be posted on the walls inside the temporary storage room. Hazardous waste that cannot be loaded into commonly used containers can be contained in leak proof plastic bags, with labels on the packaging drums and bags;

　　⑤ 配备消防沙箱、干粉式灭火器、消防栓等消防设施；

　　⑤ Equipped with fire sandboxes, dry powder fire extinguishers, fire hydrants and other fire-fighting facilities;

　　⑥ 应该装有实时监控摄像头，可随时观看危废间状态；

　　⑥ Real time monitoring cameras should be installed to monitor the status of hazardous waste rooms at any time;

　　⑦ 必须采取有效的通风排气措施；

　　⑦ Effective ventilation and exhaust measures must be taken;

　　⑧ 装有气体、火灾等多项报警装置。

　　⑧ Equipped with multiple alarm devices such as gas and fire alarms.

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　　4. 危险废物分类和分区：危废库的设计应根据危险废物的特性进行分类，不同类型废物应分区存放，以防止交叉污染和事故扩散。

　　4. Classification and zoning of hazardous waste: The design of hazardous waste warehouses should be classified according to the characteristics of hazardous waste, and different types of waste should be stored in zones to prevent cross contamination and accident spread.

　　5. 操作流程和设备选择：危废库的操作流程应明确，操作人员应接受专门的培训和指导。在设备选择上，应考虑操作的便捷性和废物的特性。

　　5. Operation process and equipment selection: The operation process of hazardous waste storage should be clear, and operators should receive specialized training and guidance. When selecting equipment, consideration should be given to the convenience of operation and the characteristics of waste.

　　6. 废气、废水和固体废物处理：危废库的设计应考虑废气、废水和固体废物的处理方案，采用适当的排放控制措施，确保废物的处理和环境的不受污染。

　　6. Treatment of waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should consider the treatment plan for waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste, adopt appropriate emission control measures, and ensure the safe treatment of waste and the protection of the environment from pollution.

　　7. 设备和仪器监测：危废库的设计应配备适当的设备和仪器，用于监测和控制废物的储存和处理过程中的参数，确保操作的准确性和性。

　　7. Equipment and instrument monitoring: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should be equipped with appropriate equipment and instruments to monitor and control parameters during the storage and treatment of waste, ensuring accuracy and safety of operations.

　　8. 应急预案和培训：危废库的设计应包含应急预案，用于处理事故和突发情况。应对操作人员进行培训和指导，提高其意识和应对突发情况的能力。

　　8. Emergency plan and safety training: The design of hazardous waste storage facilities should include emergency plans for handling accidents and emergencies. Provide safety training and guidance to operators to enhance their safety awareness and ability to respond to emergencies.

　　三、危废库设计的标准

　　3、 Design standards for hazardous waste storage facilities

　　1. 标准：《危险废物贮存污染控制标准》（GB18597-2023）《危险废物固体库用地和工程地质勘察规范》（GB 5085.1-2013）、《危险废物危险特性试验方法》（GB 5085.2-2013）等。

　　1. National standards: "Pollution Control Standards for Hazardous Waste Storage" (GB18597-2023), "Code for Land and Engineering Geological Survey of Hazardous Waste Solid Warehouses" (GB 5085.1-2013), "Test Methods for Hazardous Characteristics of Hazardous Waste" (GB 5085.2-2013), etc.

　　2. 行业标准：《危险废物固体库设计规程》（HJ 218-2013）、《危险废物贮存与处置技术规范》（HJ 239-2014）等。

　　2. Industry standards: "Design Regulations for Solid Hazardous Waste Storage" (HJ 218-2013), "Technical Specifications for Storage and Disposal of Hazardous Waste" (HJ 239-2014), etc.

　　3. 地方标准：根据不同地区的实际情况，各地可以制定相应的地方标准和规范。

　　3. Local standards: According to the actual situation in different regions, corresponding local standards and regulations can be formulated.

　　在设计危废库时，必须严格按照上述标准和要求进行，确保危险废物的处理和集中管理。还要注意定期进行设备检查和维护，及时处理设备故障和事故，确保危废库的正常运营和效益。

　　When designing hazardous waste storage facilities, it is necessary to strictly follow the above standards and requirements to ensure the safe disposal and centralized management of hazardous waste. It is also important to regularly conduct equipment inspections and maintenance, promptly handle equipment failures and accidents, and ensure the normal operation and environmental benefits of the hazardous waste storage facility.

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